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Aswal, D. K.

CSIR-NPL Establishes Facility for Efficiency Validation of Solar Cells

National Physical Laboratory Demonstrates 1 G Kibble Balance:Linkage of Macroscopic Mass to Planck Constant

Abstract Views :278 | PDF Views:80

Authors

Anil Kumar ¹, Harish Kumar ¹, V. N. Ojha ¹, Shakti Singh ², Girija Moona ¹, Satish ¹, P. K. Dubey ¹, H. K. Singh ¹, Goutam Mandal ¹, D. K. Aswal ¹

Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 Amity University, Gurugram 122 413, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 113, No 03 (2017), Pagination: 381-382

Abstract

Mass is the only base unit, which is represented as a primary standard in the form of artifact for more than 125 years. International prototype of kilogram (IPK) is kept at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Paris and serves as the international standard of kilogram. It is made of 90% platinum and 10% iridium and as a cylinder of 39 mm diameter and 39 mm height. Replicas of the IPK are made of the same material and used at BIPM as reference or working standards and national prototype of kilogram (NPK), kept at different National Metrology Institutes (NMIs). NPK-57, kept at CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, is sent periodically to BIPM for calibration.

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References

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Haddad, D. et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2016, 87, 061301.

The SI Redefinition to Come into Force from 20 May 2019

Influence of Fabrication Processes on Transport Properties of Superconducting Niobium Nitride Nanowires

Abstract Views :325 | PDF Views:92

Authors

Manju Singh ¹, Rishu Chaujar ², Sudhir Husale ¹, S. Grover ³, Amit P. Shah ³, Mandar M. Deshmukh ³, Anurag Gupta ¹, V. N. Singh ¹, V. N. Ojha ¹, D. K. Aswal ¹, R. K. Rakshit ¹

Affiliations
1 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, Dr K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 Microelectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi 110 042, IN
3 Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 114, No 07 (2018), Pagination: 1443-1450

Abstract

Fabrication of niobium nitride (NbN) superconducting nanowires based on focused ion beam (FIB) milling and electron beam lithography (EBL) is presented. The NbN films were deposited using reactive magnetron sputtering. Argon-to-nitrogen ratio turned out to be a crucial factor in synthesizing high quality superconducting NbN. Critical temperatures (T_c) of around 15.5 K were measured for films with a thickness of around 10 nm. Zero-field-cooled magnetization was measured to optimize the superconducting properties of ultra thin NbN films. The transport behaviour was studied using conventional resistance vs temperature and current-voltage characteristics down to 2 K. Effect of gallium contamination on superconducting properties has been discussed. Whereas the various processing steps of standard EBL route do not have any significant impact on the superconducting transition temperature as well as on the transition width of nanowires, there is significant degradation of superconducting properties of nanowires prepared using FIB. This has been attributed to gallium ion implantation across the superconducting channel. Although the effect of gallium implantation may have technological limitations in designing fascinating single photon detector architectures, it provides some interesting low-dimensional superconducting properties.

Keywords

DC Magnetron Sputtering, EBL, FIB, Niobium Nitride, Superconducting Nanostructure, Thin Films.

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References

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Takesue, H., Nam, S. W., Zhang, Q., Hadfield, R. H., Honjo, T., Tamaki, K. and Yamamoto, Y., Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors. Nat. Photon., 2007, 1, 343–348.

Hadfield, R. H., Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications. Nat. Photon., 2009, 3, 696–705 and references therein.

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Stucki, D. et al., High rate, long-distance quantum key distribution over 250 km of ultra low loss fibres. New J. Phys., 2009, 11, 075003(1–9).

Liu, Y. et al., Decoy-state quantum key distribution with polarized photons over 200 km. Opt. Express, 2010, 18, 8587–8594.

Eisaman, M. D., Fan, J., Migdal, A. and Polyakov, S. V., Invited review article: single-photon sources and detectors. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2011, 82, 071101(1–25) and references therein.

Natarajan, C. M., Tanner, M. G. and Hadfield, R. H., Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors: physics and applications. Supercond. Sci. Tech., 2012, 25, 063001(1–16) and references therein.

Wang, S. et al., 2 GHz clock quantum key distribution over 260 km of standard telecom fiber. Opt. Lett., 2012, 37, 1008–1010.

Yao, X.-C. et al., Experimental demonstration of topological error correction. Nature, 2012, 482, 489–494.

Ma, X.-S. et al., Quantum teleportation over 143 kilometres using active feed-forward. Nature, 2012, 489, 269–273.

Pan, J.-W., Chen, Z.-B., Lu, C.-Y., Weinfurter, H., Zeilinger, A. and Zukowski, M., Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry. Rev. Mod. Phys., 2012, 84, 777–838.

Shimizu, K. et al., Performance of long-distance quantum key distribution over 90-km optical links installed in a field environment of Tokyo metropolitan area. J. Lightwave Technol., 2014, 32, 141–151.

Northup, T. E. and Blatt, R., Quantum information transfer using photons. Nat. Photon., 2014, 8, 356–363.

Korzh, B. et al., Provably secure and practical quantum key distribution over 307 km of optical fibre. Nat. Photon., 2014, 9, 163–168.

Takesue, H., Dyer, S. D., Stevens, M. J., Verma, V., Mirin, R. P. and Nam, S. W., Quantum teleportation over 100 km of fiber using highly efficient superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Optica, 2015, 2, 832–835.

Engel, A., Renema, J. J., Il’in, K. and Semenov, A., Detection mechanism of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Supercond. Sci. Tech., 2015, 28, 114003(1–22) and references therein.

Chunnilall, C. J., Degiovanni, I. P., Kuck, S., Muller, I. and Sinclair, A. G., Metrology of single-photon sources and detectors: a review. Opt. Eng., 2014, 53, 081910(1–17).

Lita, A. E., Miller, A. J. and Nam, S. W., Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency. Opt. Express, 2008, 16, 3032–3040.

Miki, S. et al., Large sensitive-area NbN nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors fabricated on single-crystal MgO substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008, 92, 061116(1–3).

Korneev, A. et al., Recent nanowire superconducting single-photon detector optimization for practical applications. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2013, 23, 2201204(1–4).

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Delacour, C. et al., Superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation with an atomic force microscope. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 90, 191116(1–3).

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Zhang, C. et al., Fabrication of superconducting nanowires from ultrathin MgB₂ films via focused ion beam milling. AIP Adv., 2015, 5, 027139(1–8).

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‘Constitution of India’:Preservation of original

Abstract Views :222 | PDF Views:77

Authors

D. K. Aswal ¹, Ranjana Mehrotra ¹

Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K S Krishnan Marg, New Delhi - 110 012, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 115, No 4 (2018), Pagination: 788-788

Abstract

The ‘Constitution of India’ was adopted by the ‘Constituent Assembly’ on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950. It is the longest constitution of any sovereign country in the world written under the chairmanship of B. R. Ambedkar. The original English version of the ‘Constitution of India’ was calligraphed by Prem Behari Narain Raizada, which weighs ~13 kg and consists of 221 calligraphed sheets of hand-made parchment paper of size 45.7 cm × 58.4 cm size. The calligraphed sheets were decorated and illuminated by Nand Lal Bose, depicting a journey from the Mohen-jo-Daro and Vedic periods to the Indian freedom movement. The Hindi version of the ‘Constitution of India’– comprising of 252 calligraphed sheets and weighing about 14 kg – was calligraphed by Basantrao Vaidya. Interestingly, the Hindi version was calligraphed exactly as its English counterpart which had been calligraphed by Nand Lal Bose. Both documents have been bound in first-class Morocco leather embossed in gold. Both the original calligraphed copies of the ‘Constitution of India’ are with the Parliament Library, and have great autographic and historical value as they contain the signatures of the founding fathers of the Constitution.

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Necessity of ‘Two Time Zones: IST-I (UTC + 5 : 30 h) and IST-II (UTC + 6 : 30 h)’ in India and Its Implementation

Abstract Views :225 | PDF Views:77

Authors

Lakhi Sharma ¹, S. De ¹, P. Kandpal ², M. P. Olaniya ², S. Yadav ², T. Bhardwaj ², P. Thorat ², S. Panja ¹, P. Arora ¹, N. Sharma ², A. Agarwal ¹, T. D. Senguttuvan ¹, V. N. Ojha ¹, D. K. Aswal ¹

Affiliations
1 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NPL Campus, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012,, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 115, No 7 (2018), Pagination: 1252-1261

Abstract

A strong demand of a separate time zone by northeast populace has been a matter of great debate for a very long period. However, no implementable solution to this genuine problem has yet been proposed. The CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, CSIR-NPL (the National Measurement Institute, NMI, o f India and custodian o f Indian Standard Time, IST) proposes an implementable solution that puts the country in two time zones: (i) IST-I (UTC + 5: 30 h, represented by longitude passing through 82 °33 E) covering the regions falling between longitude 68 °7 E and 89 °52 E and (ii) IST-II (UTC + 6: 30 h, represented by longitude passing through 97°30E) encompassing the regions between 89°52E and 97°25E. The proposed demarcation line between IST-I and IST-II, falling at longitude 89 °52 E, is derived from analyses o f synchronizing the circadian clocks to normal office hours (9: 00 a.m. to 5 : 30p.m.). This demarcation line passes through the border of West Bengal and Assam and has a narrow spatial extension, which makes it easier to implement from the railways point o f view. Once approved, the implementation would require establishment of a laboratory for ‘Primary Time Ensemble - I I ’ generating IST-II in any o f the north-eastern states, which would be equivalent to the existing ‘Primary Time Ensemble-I’ at CSIR-NPL, New Delhi.

Keywords

Circadian Clock, Energy Saving, Indian Standard Time, Longitude, Sun Graphs, Two Time Zone.

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References

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CSIR-NPL Establishes an Apex-Level Calibration Facility for Defibrillator Analyzer and Defibrillator Machine

Calibrated Phasor Measurement Unit as a Reliable Metrological Tool for National Power Grid Operation in India

Abstract Views :263 | PDF Views:94

Authors

Saood Ahmad ¹, Anish M. Bhargav ¹, Anurag Gupta ¹, V. N. Ojha ¹, D. K. Aswal ¹

Affiliations
1 Indian Standard Time Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110 012, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 121, No 2 (2021), Pagination: 248-254

Abstract

At the national power grid in India, stability is one of the most important factors due to disturbances caused by distributed load and time-variant sources. Presently, for monitoring the transmission efficiency and performance of power grids, phasor measurement units (PMUs) are being installed at various locations in the country. Time synchronization, using Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), makes PMU an important and reliable data acquisition equipment across the grids. To ensure reliability and accuracy of the acquired data, PMUs must be calibrated. However, recent development of automated PMU calibrator system by NIST and M/s Fluke, USA has revolutionized the calibration process by enhancing the accuracy and consistency of PMU measurements. The CSIR-NPL PMU system is fully operational to calibrate PMUs according to the IEEE synchrophasor standards. The time consumed to perform the PMU calibration is comparatively much less than the conventional method. A traceable PMU calibrator system has great potential in calibrating PMUs used to monitor, control and protect the power grid.

Keywords

Calibration, National Power Grid, Phasor Measurement Unit, Synchrophasor, Time Synchronization, Uncertainty.

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References

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An overview of key enabling technologies for DAE’s nuclear programme

Abstract Views :150 | PDF Views:71

Authors

D. K. Aswal ¹, S. V. Nakhe ², Prashant Shukla ¹, Nishant Chaudhary ¹, Tapas Ganguli ², B. N. Upadhyay ²

Affiliations
1 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
2 Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India

Source

Current Science, Vol 123, No 3 (2022), Pagination: 353-360

Abstract

Homi Jehangir Bhabha envisioned that the success of India’s nuclear energy programme would depend upon how soon the country becomes self-reliant in the manufacturing of required essential technologies, e.g. ultra-high vacuum systems, cryogenics and associated technologies, precision electronics, control and instrumentation, robotics, particle accelerators, plasma, lasers, etc. He initiated R&D programmes at TIFR, Mumbai, on few of these technologies immediately after taking over as Director in 1945, and expanded them once DAE was formed in 1954. In this article, we present a brief overview of R&D carried out by DAE during the past seven decades in the areas of key enabling technologies needed for the advancement of our nuclear programme. The tremendous efforts of DAE resulted in achieving self-reliance in the nuclear power programme as well as in the development of necessary technologies for investigation of fundamental science and for facilitation of societal and industrial growth in the country. DAE led the nation to not only become a partner in several international science megaprojects, e.g. LHC, FAIR, Fermilab, ITER, etc. but also took a leadership position in national megaprojects, i.e. MACE, LIGO-India and ADS.

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